The Four Generations of ESWL: How Shockwave Kidney Stone Treatment Evolved

最后更新： 8 月 15, 2026

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Modern surgery aims to be as non-invasive as possible. Kidney stones were once treated by open surgery; today there are several ways to remove a stone with a small wound or none at all. Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is one of them, and it is the subject of this article. The first machine was developed in Germany after the Second World War, exploiting the fact that focused shockwaves can pass through skin without breaking it. The technology has since been reinvented four times. This article traces what each generation changed.

Please note: this article is a history of the technology, written from my years of stone practice in Cambodia. It does not describe the equipment at any one hospital today. ESWL at Bangkok Hospital Headquarters is currently performed with a 3rd-generation lithotripter, as a daycare procedure with short-acting intravenous analgesia or light sedation for comfort.

第一代 ESWL

The first-generation machine was enormous — roughly the size of a truck — and the patient had to be lowered into a full water tank for treatment. General anesthesia was mandatory, and delivering care inside a tank of water made everything about the procedure difficult.

第二代 ESWL

The second generation solved the water tank problem. It introduced the first “dry” technique, which made the procedure considerably more tolerable. The drawbacks remained, though: the machine was still bulky, the treatment was still uncomfortable, and anesthesia was still required because of the pain.

第三代 ESWL

The third generation is the workhorse of stone practice around the world today, and it is the machine used at Bangkok Hospital Headquarters. It is far more compact, and the patient simply lies on a treatment table. Because some shockwave pulses can still drift off target and cause discomfort in the kidney, patients are given short-acting intravenous analgesia or light sedation during the session. It remains an effective, well-established treatment for appropriately selected stones.

第四代ESWL

The defining feature of the fourth generation is an auto-tracking system that follows the stone as it moves with the patient’s breathing. I introduced this technology to Cambodia at Royal Phnom Penh Hospital in 2018, after training at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan — at that time it was the first and only 4th-generation lithotripter in the country.

In the original Taiwanese report, the 4th-generation machine achieved a 98.5% shockwave hit rate, against 82.6% for a 3rd-generation machine. Fewer missed pulses means less pain, so treatment can often be given with minimal or no sedation. The same report described an 80% stone-free rate at three months of follow-up for a 12 mm stone.

Over roughly two years of using that machine in Cambodia, our stone-free rates were 84% for stones under 1 cm, 77% for 1–2 cm, and 60% for stones above 2 cm, with high patient satisfaction and no serious complications. Those are Royal Phnom Penh figures from that period, not current Bangkok Hospital data.

Every stone treatment has trade-offs, and ESWL is no exception. Its distinctive advantage — true of both 3rd- and 4th-generation machines — is that it is the least invasive option available and is done as daycare, so it is usually worth considering before moving to an operation. Which approach suits you depends on the size, density and position of your stone, and that is a conversation to have with your urologist.

ESWL后患者说明 are provided here.

How the 4th Generation ESWL works is explained here.

对于肾结石评估或体外冲击波碎石治疗，Soarawee Weerasopone 医生将在曼谷医院总部提供专家咨询。. 预约咨询. 如需预约三美泰是拉差医院，请致电泌尿科： 088-022-1445.

常见问题解答

第四代体外冲击波碎石术

4th Generation ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy) is the most recent evolution of non-invasive kidney stone treatment. Like every generation before it, it uses focused shock waves delivered through the skin to break a stone into small fragments that then pass naturally in the urine. What distinguishes it is an auto-tracking system that follows the stone as the patient breathes, giving a reported 98.5% shockwave hit rate — which in turn means less discomfort and, in many centres, treatment with minimal or no sedation.

Does ESWL hurt, and is anesthesia required?

General anesthesia is not required for ESWL on modern machines, but comfort measures differ by generation. With a 4th-generation system the pulses rarely miss the target, so many centres treat with minimal or no sedation and the patient stays awake. With a 3rd-generation lithotripter — the machine used at Bangkok Hospital Headquarters — patients are given short-acting intravenous analgesia or light sedation so the session is comfortable. In both cases ESWL is a daycare procedure with no hospital admission.

ESWL可以治疗多大的肾结石？

ESWL works best for small to medium kidney stones, and European Association of Urology guidance recommends it for stones under 2 cm. In my own Cambodian series using a 4th-generation machine, stone-free rates were approximately 84% for stones under 1 cm, 77% for 1–2 cm, and 60% for stones larger than 2 cm. For larger or more complex stones, an endoscopic operation is the alternative. Guidelines list percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) as first-line above 2 cm, but it requires a tract created through the flank into the kidney; my own preference is to attempt retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) with the holmium laser wherever it is feasible, since modern flexible ureteroscopy reaches stones of almost any size through the natural urinary passage with no incision. Stone density and position matter as much as size.

ESWL手术后石头消失需要多长时间？

Most patients pass the stone fragments within a few days to several weeks after the procedure. Published data report that a 12 mm stone reaches an 80% stone-free rate at three months of follow-up. Drinking plenty of water and following the 冲击波碎石术后患者须知 有助于碎片自然愈合，并降低并发症的风险。.

免责声明 本文由曼谷医院总院的董事会认证泌尿科医师索拉维·维拉索蓬（Soarawee Weerasopone）博士撰写并审核。本内容仅供教育目的，不构成医疗建议。通过私人消息渠道不提供任何医疗建议、诊断或处方。在开始任何医疗治疗之前，请务必咨询合格的医疗保健专业人员。.