Why Do Kidney Stones Form? Causes & Risk Factors

最后更新： 2026年4月24日

肾结石问题是我泌尿科办公室非常常见的问题。查阅有关肾结石发病率的文献，美国和欧洲人群中至少有10%人一生中曾面临过一次该问题。但是，当我尝试在这里进行更多研究时，我惊讶地发现，巧合地飞到了 17% 的肾结石率所显示的数字。在本主题中，我们将了解肾结石发生的原因。

Why this happen? – This question is extremely hard to give a certain answer, because it happens from multifactorial factors. When we all know that kidneys are the organ which functioning on infiltration waste-products from our body and then excrete out by urination, so the kidney is the place where some ions for example Calcium, Phosphate, Uric acids and Oxalate – always be in a high concentration. When ions reached their maximum concentration, then they start stone formation.

肾脏内高离子浓度使肾结石

肾结石是由两个主要因素引起的。

寄主因素
- Race – African American and Caucasian were reporting more incidence than Asian, also some specific race especially Cambodian and Northern east part of Thai population usually suffered a genetic-related disease.
- Sex – Men are suffering more than women with a ratio around 2:1 worldwide.
- Age – Aging is reported around between 40 – 60 years old.
- Underlying medical history – Obesity and Diabetes can increase the rate 55% and 59%, obviously. Basically, for all those diseases will make our body excrete more ions in the urine.

人种是影响肾结石发生的重要因素之一

男性患肾结石的人数多于女性

例如病史–糖尿病会增加肾结石发生率

环境因素
- Geographic location – The countries area which located in tropical climate has more reported on the incidence. The reason is, people who live in hot weather condition tend to lose body fluid easily from sweating and consequently will experienced in less urine output that will make urine ions more concentrated.
- 水摄入量 – Plenty of water intake is the easiest way to reduce the risk. In every 500 mL of increasing daily water intake will significantly reduce the incidence. (Recommendation daily water intake – 2,500 mL)
- Nutrition – High sodium intake, high oxalate intake, high Vitamin C intake, imbalance calcium intake are all involved problems and it tend to increase more risk of stone formation.
- Less citrate intake – Citrate ion possessing an effective on anti-stone, it is riches in Citrus fruit for example lemons. A cup of lemonade juice daily is recommended in patients who aware on stone formation.

地理位置在肾结石的发生中也起着作用

大量饮水是降低肾结石发生率的最简单方法

柠檬酸盐富含柠檬和柑橘类水果

Sometimes kidney stone has another name called a metabolic disease because lots of involvement caused that. It might make the patients suffering from this kind of problem. Well educated patient with a strong Doctor-Patient binding would require for the possibly chronic problem like this – Kidney stone problem.

如有任何疑问，您可以随时与我们讨论我.

If you have recurrent kidney stones or would like a tailored prevention plan, Dr. Soarawee Weerasopone offers specialist consultations at Bangkok Hospital Headquarters. 预约咨询.

Frequently Asked Questions about Kidney Stone Formation

Why do kidney stones form?

Kidney stones form when certain minerals and ions in the urine, such as calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid, reach a concentration high enough to crystallize. The kidneys normally filter these substances from the blood, but when fluid intake is low or dietary intake is excessive, these ions accumulate and begin to aggregate into stones.

Who is most at risk of developing kidney stones?

Kidney stones are more common in men than women at a ratio of approximately 2:1, and most commonly occur between the ages of 40 and 60. People with obesity, diabetes, or a family history of kidney stones face significantly higher risk. Those living in tropical climates are also more susceptible due to increased fluid loss through sweating.

Can drinking more water prevent kidney stones?

Yes. Increasing fluid intake is one of the most effective and practical ways to reduce kidney stone risk. Every additional 500 mL of water per day significantly lowers the risk by diluting urinary ion concentrations. A daily water intake of at least 2,500 mL is recommended for stone prevention.

What foods increase the risk of kidney stones?

A high intake of sodium, oxalate-rich foods (such as spinach and nuts), excess vitamin C supplements, and imbalanced calcium intake can all increase the risk of stone formation. High-protein diets and excessive animal meat consumption raise urinary uric acid levels, contributing to uric acid stones.

Does lemon juice really help prevent kidney stones?

Yes. Lemon and other citrus fruits are rich in citrate, a natural inhibitor of kidney stone formation. Citrate works by binding to calcium in the urine, preventing crystal aggregation. Drinking a glass of lemon juice daily is a simple and evidence-supported dietary measure for patients at risk of calcium oxalate stones.

**免责声明：** 本内容由曼谷医院总院的认证泌尿科医生 Soarawee Weerasopone 医生撰写和审阅。本内容仅用于教育目的，不构成医疗建议。在开始任何医疗治疗前，请务必咨询合格的医疗专业人士。.

医学撰写与审阅： 素瓦瑞·维拉宋蓬医生（Pom医生）— 曼谷医院总部认证泌尿科医生。国际学者：贝勒医学院（美国）· 顺天堂大学（日本）· 长庚纪念医院（台湾）。.