آخر تحديث: أغسطس 30, 2026

تُعد حصوات الكلى من أكثر المشكلات شيوعًا التي أراها. ويُقدر الخطر على مدى الحياة بنسبة 10% في المائة على الأقل في سكان الولايات المتحدة وأوروبا، وقد تم الإبلاغ عن أرقام تصل إلى 17% في هذه المنطقة – وهو اختلاف يُشير في حد ذاته إلى الأسباب التي تسببها. ويُوضح هذا المقال سبب تكوّن الحصوات.

لا يوجد جواب واحد، لأن تشكيل الكالسيوم في الكلى يتأثر بعدد من العوامل. والمنطلق هو ما تفعله الكلى: فهي تصفى المواد العضوية من الدم وتفرزها في البول. وهذا يجعل الكلى المكان الوحيد في الجسم حيث تركز مستويات الكالسيوم والفوسفات وحمض اليوريك والكسول بشكل روتيني. وعندما ترتفع هذه المستويات إلى مستويات عالية، تبدأ الكالسيوم في التكوّن كحجارة.

A kidney stone formed from crystallised mineral ions in the kidney
تتكون الحجارة عندما تصل مستويات الأيونات البولية إلى تركيز مرتفع بما يكفي لتكوين الكريستالات.

قبل الأسباب: الحالة التي تعتبر حالة طوارئ

يتعلق هذا المقال بالوقاية، وهو موضوع هادئ. لدى مرض الحجارة حالة واحدة لا يوجد لها مثيل، ومن المهم معرفتها قبل بقية الأمور.

الحجر الذي يمنع تصريف السوائل من الكلية أمر غير مريح. الحجر الذي يمنع تدفق السوائل من الكلية و أن يصبح الكلى مصابًا بالعدوى أمر مختلف تمامًا: فإن العدوى عالقة خلف الانسداد دون أي مكان للذهاب إليه، ويمكن للشخص الذي كان بصحة جيدة سابقًا أن يصاب بمرض خطير في غضون ساعات. إنها واحدة من حالات الطوارئ القليلة الحقيقية في طب المسالك البولية، ويتمثل العلاج في استئصال الكلى بشكل عاجل بدلاً من الانتظار حتى تعمل المضادات الحيوية.

تذهب إلى قسم الطوارئ في نفس اليوم – في تايلاند يمكنك الاتصال بالرقم 1669 – إذا كان لديك:

1. عوامل المضيف — تلك التي لا يمكنك تغييرها

Illustration of the roughly 2:1 male to female ratio in kidney stone incidence
يصاب الرجال بأمراض حصى الكلى بمعدل ضعف ما تصاب به النساء.
Blood glucose testing, representing diabetes as a kidney stone risk factor
كما أن داء السكري والسمنة يرفعان من خطر تكوين الصخور.

2. العوامل البيئية — تلك التي يمكنك الحصول عليها

Map illustrating the higher incidence of kidney stones in tropical regions
الطقس الحار يعني فقدان كمية أكبر من السوائل عن طريق العرق، وانخفاض كمية البول، وزيادة تركيز الأيونات.
A glass of water, the simplest and most effective kidney stone prevention measure
شرب المزيد من الماء هو أسهل طريقة لتقليل خطر الإصابة به.
Lemons and citrus fruit, natural dietary sources of stone-inhibiting citrate
يحول السيترات، الذي يتواجد بكثرة في الليمون والفاكهة الحمضية الأخرى، إلى مانع لتكوين الكلسات.

غالباً ما يُصوَّر مرض حصى الكلى على أنه مرض هضمي بدلاً من مشكلة في أنظمة الأنابيب، لأن الكثير من الأسباب الكامنة وراءه يحدث في الكيمياء الداخلية للجسم وليس في الكلى نفسها. هذا التصنيف مفيد للمرضى: فهو يوضح لماذا يميل المرض إلى العودة إذا لم يتغير شيء، ولماذا يكمن منع حدوثه في عادات يومية بدلاً من إجراءات فردية. انظروا مرة أخرى إلى القائمة الثانية — كل عنصر فيها هو أمر يمكنك العمل على تنفيذه.

ما الذي يشتمل عليه بالفعل خطة الوقاية

General advice suits most people who have had one stone. Where stones keep returning, where they start young, where there are several at once or in both kidneys, or where there is a strong family history, the useful next step is to stop guessing and measure. That usually means three things together: analysing the stone itself, ، أ blood test looking at kidney function, calcium, uric acid and related chemistry, and a collection of urine over a full day to see what is actually being excreted and in what concentration.

That is what turns advice into a plan. It can reveal a specific, treatable reason for the stones — an overactive parathyroid gland, a problem with how the kidney handles acid, gout, a bowel condition affecting absorption, or repeated infection producing a particular kind of stone — and each of those has its own treatment rather than being helped by drinking more water alone. It is worth asking for if you have been through the same advice more than once and are still forming stones.

One practical note for anyone who has already passed a stone: keep it and take it to your urologist. Knowing what the stone was made of is what turns general prevention advice into a plan aimed at your particular chemistry. A stone caught in a strainer and put in a clean container tells us more than most scans.

If you have recurrent kidney stones or would like a tailored prevention plan, Dr. Soarawee Weerasopone offers specialist consultations at Bangkok Hospital Headquarters. احجز استشارة. يمكن ترتيب المواعيد في Samitivej Sriracha Hospital عن طريق الاتصال بقسم المسالك البولية على الرقم 088-022-1445. يجب توجيه الأسئلة المتعلقة بتكلفة الاستشارة أو الفحوصات أو العلاج إلى المستشفى مباشرة — وبالنسبة إلى Bangkok Hospital، عبر البريد الإلكتروني إلى bhquro@bdms.co.th.

Prevention planning suits a video consultation particularly well, since it is built from your history, your previous imaging and your test results rather than from an examination. Bangkok Hospital runs a Telemedicine service, arranged in advance by email to the Urology department at bhquro@bdms.co.th — send any previous stone analysis, scan reports and blood results with the request. Acute stone pain is a different matter and should be seen in person, or in an emergency department if any of the warning signs above apply. Samitivej Sriracha is in-person only.

Frequently Asked Questions about Kidney Stone Formation

Why do kidney stones form?

Kidney stones form when certain minerals and ions in the urine, such as calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid, reach a concentration high enough to crystallize. The kidneys normally filter these substances from the blood, but when fluid intake is low or dietary intake is excessive, these ions accumulate and begin to aggregate into stones.

Who is most at risk of developing kidney stones?

Kidney stones are more common in men than women at a ratio of approximately 2:1, and most commonly occur between the ages of 40 and 60. Obesity and diabetes raise the risk by around 55% and 59% respectively. Family history is stronger than most people expect: twin and family studies estimate the heritability of stone disease at roughly 46 to 63%, and having a parent or sibling who forms stones raises risk about three-fold. Those living in tropical climates are also more susceptible due to increased fluid loss through sweating.

Are kidney stones hereditary?

To a substantial degree, yes. Twin and family studies put the heritability of stone disease at approximately 46 to 63%, and a parent or sibling who forms stones raises your own risk roughly three-fold, making family history one of the strongest predictors of recurrence. In a minority of patients a single identifiable gene is responsible, found in around 10% of adults and up to 30% of children with stones, which is why stone disease starting in childhood or early adulthood deserves a full metabolic assessment rather than general advice. Inheritance is not destiny, however: the genetic component sets baseline risk, while fluid intake, diet, weight and climate largely determine whether stones actually form. Regional and ethnic differences in stone rates are real but cannot be attributed mainly to genetics, because diet, climate and hydration vary with geography too.

When is a kidney stone an emergency?

Fever or shaking chills together with flank or back pain is the situation that matters most: a kidney blocked by a stone that then becomes infected traps the infection behind the blockage, and a previously well person can become dangerously ill within hours. The treatment is urgent drainage of the kidney rather than waiting for antibiotics to work. Go to an emergency department the same day, or call 1669 in Thailand. The same applies to pain that painkillers are not controlling, persistent vomiting, passing little or no urine, feeling faint or confused, or any stone pain in someone with a single working kidney or a transplant.

Can drinking more water prevent kidney stones?

Yes. Increasing fluid intake is one of the most effective and practical ways to reduce kidney stone risk. Every additional 500 mL of water per day significantly lowers the risk by diluting urinary ion concentrations. A daily water intake of at least 2,500 mL is recommended for stone prevention. Anyone with heart or kidney disease, or on fluid restriction for another reason, should agree their target with their own doctor first.

What foods increase the risk of kidney stones?

A high intake of sodium, oxalate-rich foods (such as spinach and nuts), excess vitamin C supplements, and imbalanced calcium intake can all increase the risk of stone formation. High-protein diets and excessive animal meat consumption raise urinary uric acid levels, contributing to uric acid stones. Cutting dietary calcium is usually counterproductive, since it increases oxalate absorption and can make stones more likely.

هل عصير الليمون يساعد حقًا في منع حصوات الكلى؟

Yes. Lemon and other citrus fruits are rich in citrate, a natural inhibitor of kidney stone formation. Citrate works by binding to calcium in the urine, preventing crystal aggregation. Drinking a glass of lemon juice daily is a simple and evidence-supported dietary measure for patients at risk of calcium oxalate stones.

I keep forming stones despite following the advice. What else can be done?

Stop guessing and measure. Where stones recur, begin at a young age, occur in numbers or in both kidneys, or run in the family, the useful step is a metabolic assessment: analysis of the stone itself, blood tests covering kidney function, calcium and uric acid, and a full day’s urine collection to see what is actually being excreted and at what concentration. This can identify a specific treatable cause such as an overactive parathyroid gland, a problem with how the kidney handles acid, gout, a bowel condition affecting absorption, or repeated infection producing a particular stone type. Each of those has its own treatment and is not solved by drinking more water alone.

Can I plan stone prevention by video consultation?

Yes, and it suits this particularly well, because a prevention plan is built from history, previous imaging and test results rather than from an examination. Bangkok Hospital Headquarters offers a Telemedicine service, arranged in advance by email to the Urology department at bhquro@bdms.co.th; send any previous stone analysis, scan reports and blood results with the request. Acute stone pain should be seen in person, or in an emergency department if the warning signs above apply. Samitivej Sriracha is in-person only, booked through the Urology department line 088-022-1445.

إخلاء مسؤولية: This content is written and reviewed by Dr. Soarawee Weerasopone, a board-certified urologist at Bangkok Hospital Headquarters. It is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Fluid targets and dietary changes need adjusting for your own kidney and heart health, and no prescribed medicine should be stopped on the basis of this article. No medical advice, diagnosis or prescription is provided through personal messaging channels or social media. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any medical treatment. In an emergency, attend the nearest emergency department — in Thailand the emergency number is 1669.

كتبه ومراجعته طبياً: الدكتور صواراوي فيراسوبون (الدكتور بوم) — أخصائي أمراض المسالك البولية معتمد من البورد، مستر هيدكوترز بانكوك، يعمل في ممارسة أمراض المسالك البولية منذ عام 2016. زمالة: جراحة الروبوت، مستشفى تشانغ غونغ التذكاري، تايوان (2019) · مراقب إكلينيكي: جراحة المسالك البولية بالمنظار، مستشفى جامعة جونديندو، طوكيو (2022) · باحث ومراقب إكلينيكي، قسم سكوت لأمراض المسالك البولية، كلية بايلور للطب، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية (2025–2026).

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